In the past 10 years, with the development of medium alkaline papermaking
and coating processing technology, calcium carbonate has been widely used as a
coating pigment and filler in North America and Europe. In China, calcium
carbonate has gradually occupied a dominant position in coating pigments.
Calcium carbonate has many forms of existence in nature, and the most
useful for paper coatings is calcite. However, natural calcite must be
mechanically pulverized, ground, and classified to produce fine particles (we
call it heavy calcium carbonate or ground calcium carbonate, GCC) for the
preparation of paper coatings.
The dispersant is adsorbed on the surface of the pigment particles to
generate electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance, so that the particles can
stably exist in a suspended state. With the help of dispersant in calcium
carbonate grinding, high-solids, low-viscosity calcium carbonate slurry can be
obtained, the grinding efficiency can be improved, and the energy required for
grinding can be saved. There are three general types of dispersing agents,
namely, Inorganic, organic and polymeric, and currently widely used in polymeric
dispersants. In contrast, polymeric dispersants have the following
advantages:
(1) Inorganic dispersants may adversely affect electrical conductivity and
dielectric constant, and are limited in some fields, while polymeric dispersants
are not subject to this limitation.
(2) Unlike organic dispersants, polymer dispersants have a controlled
molecular weight during production, while higher molecular weights have better
dispersion stability.
(3) The polymer dispersant has strong dispersing ability, good stability
effect, and low sensitivity to ions, pH value and temperature in the dispersion
system.
(4) The polymer dispersant can significantly reduce the viscosity of the
dispersion system, improve the rheology of the dispersion system, and save the
energy required for mechanical operation.
Based on the above advantages, polymer dispersants are widely used in the
grinding of calcium carbonate or in the preparation of paper coatings.
2, the grinding process
Adding water to the calcium carbonate raw material to form a certain solid
content (generally from 70 to 75%), and then adding the dispersing agent in
proportion (from a wide range, the dry ratio is not more than 1%), and then
passing through several sand mills in sequence Each machine is equipped with a
certain amount of quartz sand or zirconium beads for continuous grinding to
finally obtain the finished product. The most important characteristics of
ground calcium carbonate are particle size distribution and viscosity, which are
discussed below.
2.1 Particle size distribution
The particle size of the calcium carbonate raw material before grinding is
usually about 350 mesh (about 45 μm), and the calcium carbonate after the
grinding by the dispersing agent can reach the order of 90 or 60 grades
according to the required fineness. The so-called 90 or 60 grade means that
particles having a diameter of less than 2 μm in the ground calcium carbonate
account for 90% or 60% of the whole. The particle size distribution of the
calcium carbonate raw material is shown in Figure 1:
Figure 190 and 60 calcium carbonate particle size distribution
The determinants of particle size distribution are: grinding time, solid
content and equipment.
(1) Grinding time
Obviously, the length of the grinding time fundamentally determines the
fineness of the particle size. The longer the grinding time, the longer the
action of calcium carbonate by the sand, and the calcium carbonate will be
finer.
(2) Solid content
The solid content determines the efficiency of the grinding. The solid
content is high, the collision chance between the calcium carbonate particles
and the sand is more, and the calcium carbonate particles are more easily
crushed.
(3) Equipment
Grinding equipment also plays a pivotal role in grinding efficiency. The
continuous grinding efficiency of the combined sand mill is the highest, so it
is currently widely used by calcium carbonate grinding plants.
2.2 Viscosity
The viscosity of the ground calcium carbonate is generally desirably
controlled between 500 and 1000 cps. If the viscosity is more than 1000 cps, it
is difficult to achieve a high solid content in the formulation of the coating,
and the apparatus is prone to heat during the grinding process resulting in
greater loss. If the viscosity is less than 500 cps, the ground calcium
carbonate is easily precipitated during storage.
Factors affecting viscosity are: dispersant dosage, solid content and
temperature.
(1) Dispersant dosage
The amount of dispersant determines the degree of coating of the calcium
carbonate particles, and the degree of coating of the calcium carbonate
particles determines the stability and viscosity of the entire system. However,
if the coating is sufficient, the amount of the dispersant is increased, and the
viscosity of the system is not significantly reduced, and may even have the
opposite effect.
(2) Solid content
Viscosity is very sensitive to changes in solids content, as shown in
Figure 2:
Figure 2 shows the relationship between viscosity and solid content at
different initial viscosities
Curve 1 shows that at higher viscosity, the solid content decreases by 1%,
the viscosity decreases by more than 20% on average, and the decrease is very
obvious. Curve 2 indicates that at a lower viscosity, the solid content
decreases by 1%, and the viscosity decreases. 20%, the decline is also
significant. As the solid content decreases, the calcium carbonate particles
appear looser and the viscosity decreases.
(3) Temperature
Temperature has an effect on viscosity, but it is very small.
2.3 Relationship between particle size distribution and viscosity
There is a close relationship between the particle size distribution and
viscosity of ground calcium carbonate. Under the same dispersant dosage and the
same solid content, if the particle size is relatively small, the amount of
calcium carbonate particles in a certain volume will be denser and the viscosity
will increase. On the other hand, if the particle size is relatively large, the
amount of calcium carbonate particles in a certain volume is relatively loose
and the viscosity is lowered.
3 Conclusion
In the process of grinding calcium carbonate, if there is no dispersant,
the grinding cannot be carried out at all. So the work that must be done for
grinding is to choose a highly efficient dispersant that optimizes several key
indicators of ground calcium carbonate and saves costs and energy. At present,
the research on the promising dispersant is the research on the hyperdispersant.
Through the study of the anchoring section and the solvation section, the most
suitable dispersing agent for grinding is obtained.